PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND MUSLIM TECHNOCRAT
Discussion Material
1.
Define the
meaning of science in general
An organized body of knowledge
according to certain principles with defined subject matters.
2.
Explain the
definition of Modern science and how does it begins and what does Empirical
mean.
Modern science is
focus to the empirical spirit; refer to theorical and practical knowledge about
natural world. In its broadest sense, science (from the Latin scientia,
meaning "knowledge")
refers to any systematic
knowledge or practice.
In its more usual restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring
knowledge based on scientific method, as well as to the organized
body of knowledge gained through such research. This
article focuses on the more restricted use of the word. Science as discussed in
this article is sometimes termed experimental science to differentiate it from applied
science, which is the application of scientific research to specific human
needs, though the two are often interconnected. Since 1500 -1800 as regarded as
early modern that in western europe. One philosopher from west Nicolous
Copernicus (1473-1543) in his theory of earth said the centre of universe is
first then he said that sun as a center
of universe. In another case, he reject Impetus theory because it is not
releven. Until Claudius Ptolemy came to explain his theory about system of
astronomy. Then Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) explain about many about science at
the time like mathematic for motion theory, velocity theory (inertia vis a vis
impetus),
And Telescope invention.
3. Define
the characteristic of Modern Science and explain its foundation.
Modern
Science is a evolution of the proses to acquired the knowledge, it is focus
about theory and logic. Modern science have a part to show the characteristic
or features about it. From the book “Religious Orthodoxy and The Battle for
Rationality” said about characteristic of modern science that all evidence must
be empirical to get the logic theory about human life. In the figures said only
thing that can be perceived by sense are real. They just discuss only by their
logic to get the answer about the world. Another opinion said revealed
knowledge is not real knowledge because to proof the incident and material is
not only think by the simply knowledge but must have the logic and truth
reason. Then, another characteristic is they are not accept about acquired
intellect. So, they reject a toward
element of soul in their discussion. Lastly, the only foundation is rational
speculation and empirical experiment. It is because they are not agree about
the metafizik knowledge by Islamic perspective to know about Allah, angel and
others.
4.
Discuss the
structure of Modern Science.
Structure of Modern Science is a
part of the west scientist to a proof their theory and opinion about science.
First, the modern science structure is about facts to proof the opinion. It is
begins with the assumption that there exist facts. A scientist accepts, for
example, sense impressions or the pointer readings of his instruments as facts.
Law, facts are organized into groups, and the relation which holds between
facts belonging to the same groups is called a law or principle. Then about the
hypotheses, these are tentative guesses, which represent some preliminary
understanding of what is being investigated, and which are to be tested against
observation or experiment. A part that many scientist focuses is about theory,
a theory is a grand conceptual scheme that lies at the core of thinking and
which provides a complete picture in its domain of validity. However, a
scientist theory must, in addition, also satisfy certain strict criteria. In
induction and deduction is looking at regularities in data allows one to gather
knowledge inductively and make simple laws. Lastly is about the scientific
method, only discuss about to having defined the necessary concepts. In
essence, this is a procedure which comprise of the following sequence of steps.
5.
What is the
definition of Islamic Science according to Prof. al-Attas?
The definition
of Islamic Science according to Prof. Al-Attas is about scientific activity,
which takes place ultimately within the Islamic worldview (or Islamic
conceptual environment) but as an extension of it directly within the Islamic
scientist conceptual scheme or Islamic context of science.
 |
| Prof. al-Attas |
6.
When does
Islamic Science begin?
Islamic
science does begin at two century of hijrah at the time that abbasid period
lead to Islam world. That is revelation of Muhammad and start of Holy Quran
evidence companion study about medicine by Harith. The Abbasid period get a way
to get and buy a book that has write from many Muslims philosopher from the
west. Therefore, that is clear that Islam is not far from the scientist and the
first step in the science to get a truth about life.
 |
| Ibnu Sina |
7.
Explain
Quran as the foundation of Islamic Science with reference to the first surah
revealed.
Quran as the foundation of Islamic Science with
reference to the first surah to a proof that Islamic science is a truth
perspective to know about philosophy and science. Quran as foundation of
Islamic science because at surah 96:1-5 said “Read. In the name of Allah exist
and creates all in acquisition of name. That means Allah exists and creates all
in universe and all knowledge comes from Allah. Then, in the second word in the
Quran (2: 30-34) said “Bow as symbol of knowledge power over the everything”,
that mean knowledge is a Knowledge acquisition
involves complex cognitive processes: perception, learning, communication,
association and reasoning. The term knowledge is also used to mean the
confident understanding of a subject with the ability to use it
for a specific purpose if appropriate.
8.
What is the
different between Islamic science structure and Modern science structure?
Different between Islamic science and Modern science
structure is a very far. It is a very clear distinction on life. The main
structure difference in Islamic structures base on the Quran source, observe,
experiment and reasoning. While modern structure is based on human facts and
law.
9.
Compare
between Muslim and Western in terms of their view regarding knowledge.
Muslims
and Western have different opinion about regarding knowledge. They have three
main concept of knowledge. In nature, that Muslims based sense of the sacred
spiritual that mean one God is Allah and western secular that human the
knowledge come from. In sources, Muslims refer to God (Allah) that Quran and
western believe that sources list at Greece, Rome and Judaism. In Philosophy
dispute Muslims is metaphysic and western philosophy that thinking knowledge
from human.
10. What are Muslims responsibilities towards knowledge?
Muslim responsibility requirement of knowledge have a
three main point. Firstly, Inalienable and indisputable right to acquire.
Second, Observation or experiment not the only method but theory and systematic
is important to thinking and take it. Third, Utility and signification that
mean the old story that tell in Quran can take for source that knowledge.
